what was the occupation of paul revere, who made his famous ride from boston to lexington in 1775?

This article is near the 18th-century American activist and artisan. For other uses, run into Paul Revere (disambiguation).

American silversmith and Patriot in the American Revolution

Paul Revere
John Singleton Copley, Portrait of Paul Revere. c. 1768–1770
Born	(1735-01-01)January 1, 1735 (O.Southward.: December 21, 1734) N End, Boston, Massachusetts Bay, British America
Died	May x, 1818(1818-05-10) (anile 83) Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Occupation	Silversmith, colonial militia officer
Political party	Federalist
Spouse(south)	Sarah Orne (1757–1773; her death) Rachel Walker (1773–1813; her death)
Children	eight with Sarah Orne eight with Rachel Walker
Signature

Paul Revere (; December 21, 1734 O.Due south. (January i, 1735 N.S.)^{[N i]} – May 10, 1818) was an American silversmith, engraver, early industrialist, Sons of Liberty member and Patriot in the American Revolution. He is best known for his midnight ride to alert the colonial militia in April 1775 to the approach of British forces before the battles of Lexington and Agree, equally dramatized in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1861 poem, "Paul Revere's Ride".

At age 41, Revere was a prosperous, established and prominent Boston silversmith. He had helped organize an intelligence and warning system to proceed watch on the British armed forces. Revere later served every bit a Massachusetts militia officer, though his service ended after the Penobscot Expedition, one of the nearly disastrous campaigns of the American Revolutionary War, for which he was absolved of blame.

Following the war, Revere returned to his silversmith trade. He used the profits from his expanding business to finance his work in iron casting, statuary bong and cannon casting, and the forging of copper bolts and spikes. In 1800, he became the starting time American to successfully gyre copper into sheets for use as sheathing on naval vessels.

Early life and instruction

Revere was built-in in the North Stop of Boston on December 21, 1734, according to the Onetime Style calendar and then in use, or January ane, 1735, in the mod calendar.^[3] His father, a French Huguenot built-in Apollos Rivoire, came to Boston at the age of thirteen and was apprenticed to the silversmith John Coney.^[four] Past the time he married Deborah Hitchborn, a member of a long-standing Boston family that owned a pocket-sized shipping wharf, in 1729, Rivoire had anglicized his name to Paul Revere. Their son, Paul Revere, was the third of 12 children and somewhen the eldest surviving son.^[2] Revere grew up in the environment of the extended Hitchborn family, and never learned his male parent's native linguistic communication.^[5] At xiii he left school and became an amateur to his father. The silversmith merchandise afforded him connections with a cross-department of Boston order, which would serve him well when he became active in the American Revolution.^[half-dozen] Equally for religion, although his father attended Puritan services, Revere was fatigued to the Church of England.^[vii] In 1750, aged 15, Revere was role of the commencement group of change ringers to ring the new bells (bandage in 1744) at Christ Church, in the north of Boston (the Quondam North Church).^{[eight] [9]} Revere somewhen began attention the services of the political and provocative Jonathan Mayhew at the West Church.^[vii] His male parent did non corroborate, and as a effect father and son came to blows on one occasion. Revere relented and returned to his father'due south church, although he did get friends with Mayhew, and returned to the W Church building in the late 1760s.^[10]

Revere's father died in 1754, when Paul was legally too immature to officially exist the main of the family unit silver store.^[eleven] In February 1756, during the French and Indian War (the North American theater of the 7 Years' State of war), he enlisted in the provincial army. Possibly he fabricated this decision because of the weak economic system, since regular army service promised consistent pay.^[12] Commissioned a second lieutenant in a provincial artillery regiment, he spent the summer at Fort William Henry at the southern finish of Lake George in New York as part of an abortive plan for the capture of Fort St. Frédéric. He did not stay long in the army, but returned to Boston and assumed control of the silver shop in his own name. On August 4, 1757, he married Sarah Orne (1736–1773); their kickoff child was built-in viii months later on.^[13] He and Sarah had eight children, but two died young, and simply 1, Mary, survived her father.^[14]

1765–1774: the gathering tempest of revolution

Revere'southward business organisation began to endure when the British economy entered a recession in the years following the 7 Years' War, and declined further when the Postage Act of 1765 resulted in a further downturn in the Massachusetts economy.^[15] Business organization was and then poor that an attempt was made to seize his property in belatedly 1765.^[sixteen] To aid make ends meet he fifty-fifty took up dentistry, a skill set he was taught by a practicing surgeon who lodged at a friend'south house.^[17] One customer was Joseph Warren, a local physician and political opposition leader with whom Revere formed a close friendship.^{[18] [19]} Revere and Warren, in addition to having common political views, were also both active in the same local Masonic lodges.^[xx]

Although Revere was non i of the "Loyal Nine"—organizers of the earliest protests against the Postage Act—he was well connected with its members, who were laborers and artisans.^[21] Revere did non participate in some of the more raucous protests, such as the set on on the habitation of Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson.^[22] In 1765, a grouping of militants who would become known as the Sons of Liberty formed, of which Revere was a member.^{[23] [24]} From 1765 on, in back up of the dissident cause, he produced engravings and other artifacts with political themes. Among these engravings are a delineation of the inflow of British troops in 1768 (which he termed "an insolent parade") and a famous delineation of the March 1770 Boston Massacre (encounter illustration). Although the latter was engraved past Revere and he included the inscription, "Engraved, Printed, & Sold past Paul Revere Boston", information technology was modeled on a cartoon past Henry Pelham, and Revere's engraving of the cartoon was colored by a third man and printed by a fourth.^[25] Revere also produced a bowl commemorating the Massachusetts assembly'south refusal to retract the Massachusetts Circular Letter. (This letter, adopted in response to the 1767 Townshend Acts, called for united colonial activeness against the acts. King George Iii had issued a demand for its retraction.)^[25]

The Bloody Massacre Perpetrated in Rex Street Boston on March 5, 1770, a copper engraving by Paul Revere modeled on a drawing past Henry Pelham,^[26] 1770.

In 1770 Revere purchased a house on Due north Square in Boston'due south North End. Now a museum, the house provided infinite for his growing family while he continued to maintain his store at nearby Clark's Wharf.^[27] Sarah died in 1773, and on October 10 of that twelvemonth, Revere married Rachel Walker (1745–1813). They had eight children, three of whom died young.^[28]

In November 1773 the merchant send Dartmouth arrived in Boston harbor carrying the first shipment of tea fabricated under the terms of the Tea Act.^[29] This act authorized the British East India Company to ship tea (of which information technology had huge surpluses due to colonial boycotts organized in response to the Townshend Acts) direct to the colonies, bypassing colonial merchants. Passage of the act prompted calls for renewed protests against the tea shipments, on which Townshend duties were all the same levied.^[30] Revere and Warren, as members of the breezy North End Caucus, organized a watch over the Dartmouth to foreclose the unloading of the tea. Revere took his turns on baby-sit duty,^[31] and was one of the ringleaders in the Boston Tea Political party of Dec 16, when colonists dumped tea from the Dartmouth and two other ships into the harbor.^[32]

From Dec 1773 to November 1775, Revere served every bit a courier for the Boston Committee of Public Safety, traveling to New York and Philadelphia to report on the political unrest in Boston. Research has documented 18 such rides. Observe of some of them was published in Massachusetts newspapers, and British regime received farther intelligence of them from Loyalist Americans.^[33] In 1774, his cousin John on the island of Guernsey wrote to Paul that John had seen reports of Paul's function every bit an "express" (courier) in London newspapers.^[34]

In 1774, the military governor of Massachusetts, General Thomas Gage, dissolved the provincial assembly on orders from United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. Governor Gage also airtight the port of Boston and all over the city forced individual citizens to quarter (provide lodging for) soldiers in their homes.^{[Northward 2]}

During this time, Revere and a group of 30 "mechanics" began meeting in hole-and-corner at his favorite haunt, the Green Dragon, to coordinate the gathering and dissemination of intelligence by "watching the Movements of British Soldiers".^[35] Around this time Revere regularly contributed politically charged engravings to the recently founded Patriot monthly, Royal American Magazine.^[36]

He rode to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in December 1774 upon rumors of an impending landing of British troops there, a journey known in history as the Portsmouth Alarm.^[37] Although the rumors were fake, his ride sparked a rebel success by provoking locals to raid Fort William and Mary, defended by just six soldiers, for its gunpowder supply.^[38]

"Midnight Ride"

War years

Because Boston was besieged subsequently the battles of Lexington and Concord, Revere could not render to the urban center, which was now firmly in British easily. He boarded in Watertown, where he was eventually joined by Rachel and most of his children (Paul Jr., then 15, remained in Boston to mind the family properties).^[39] After he was denied a commission in the Continental Army, he tried to find other ways to be useful to the rebel cause. He was retained past the provincial congress as a courier, and he printed local currency which the congress used to pay the troops around Boston.^[40]

An eight-pence bill engraved and printed by Revere in 1778. The engraving of the pino tree on the verso (back of the neb) is likely the piece of work of silversmith and engraver Nathaniel Hurd.^{[41] [42]}

Since in that location was a desperate shortage of gunpowder, the provincial congress decided in November 1775 to send him to Philadelphia to study the working of the just powder mill in the colonies, in the hopes that he might be able to build a 2nd one in Massachusetts. Revere called on the mill's owner, Oswald Eve, armed with a letter from Continental Congressmen Robert Morris and John Dickinson asking Eve to "Chearfully & from Public Spirited Motives give Mr. Revere such information every bit volition inable him to Deport the business on his render home."^{[43] [44]} Eve showed Revere around the manufactory, but refused to give him detailed drawings unless he was first paid a substantial bribe. Despite this chilly reception, Revere was able to discern useful data from the visit. He likewise caused, through the work of Samuel Adams, plans for another pulverization mill. This information enabled Revere to gear up up a pulverization mill at Stoughton (present-day County).^{[43] [45]} The factory produced tons of gunpowder for the Patriot cause.^[46]

Revere's friend and compatriot Joseph Warren was killed in the Battle of Bunker Hill on June 17, 1775.^[47] Because soldiers killed in battle were often buried in mass graves without ceremony, Warren'south grave was unmarked. On March 21, 1776, several days after the British regular army left Boston, Revere, Warren's brothers, and a few friends went to the battlefield and institute a grave containing two bodies.^[48] Subsequently being buried for nine months, Warren'due south face was unrecognizable, but Revere was able to identify Warren's body considering he had placed a false molar in Warren's mouth, and recognized the wire he had used for fastening it. Warren was given a proper funeral and reburied in a marked grave.^[49]

Militia service

Upon returning to Boston in 1776, Revere was deputed a major of infantry in the Massachusetts militia in that April, and transferred to the arms a month later.^[50] In November he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and was stationed at Castle William, defending Boston harbor. He was generally 2d or 3rd in the chain of command, and on several occasions he was given command of the fort.^[50] He applied his engineering skills to maintaining the fort's armaments, even designing and building a caliper to accurately measure cannonballs and cannon bore holes.^[50] The service at Castle William was relatively isolated, and personality friction prompted some men to file complaints against Revere.^[51] The boredom was alleviated in late Baronial 1777 when Revere was sent with a troop of soldiers to escort prisoners taken in the Boxing of Bennington to Boston, where they were confined on board prison ships,^{[52] [53]} and again in September when he was briefly deployed to Rhode Isle.^[54]

Drawing depicting the arrival of the French fleet in Narragansett Bay in 1778

In Baronial 1778 Revere's regiment served in a combined Franco-American expedition whose objective was to capture the British base at Newport, Rhode Island.^[55] His regiment was responsible for erecting and maintaining artillery batteries on Aquidneck Island.^[56] The attempt was abandoned by the French when their fleet was scattered in a storm, and Revere'southward regiment returned to Boston earlier the British sortied from Newport to force the Battle of Rhode Isle.^[57]

Penobscot disaster

The British in June 1779 established a new base on Penobscot Bay in nowadays-day Maine (which was then part of Massachusetts).^[58] Massachusetts authorities called out the militia, pressed into service available shipping, and organized a major expedition to dislodge the British.^[59] The expedition was a complete fiasco: its state and naval commanders squabbled over control of the expedition, and could not concord on strategy or tactics. The arrival of British reinforcements led to the destruction of the unabridged Massachusetts fleet.^[threescore] Revere commanded the artillery units for the trek, and was responsible for organizing the artillery train.^[61] He participated in the taking of Bank'south Island, from which artillery batteries could attain the British ships anchored before Fort George. He next oversaw the transport of the guns from Bank's Isle to a new position on the heights of the Bagaduce Peninsula that commanded the fort.^[62] Although Revere was in favor of storming the fort, Brigadier Full general Solomon Lovell opted for a siege instead. After further disagreements on how to proceed between Lovell and armada commander Dudley Saltonstall, Lovell decided to return to the transports on Baronial 12, a conclusion supported past Revere.^[63]

Late the next day British sails were spotted. A mad scramble ensued, and on the 14th the armada was in retreat heading up the Penobscot River. Revere and his men were put aground with their stores, and their transports destroyed. At 1 point Brigadier General Peleg Wadsworth ordered Revere to transport his clomp in an effort to recover a ship drifting toward the enemy position. Revere at beginning resisted, but eventually complied, and Wadsworth told him to expect formal charges over the affair.^[64] The incident separated Revere from his men. Moving overland, he eventually managed to regroup most of his troops, and returned to Boston on Baronial 26. A diversity of charges were made against Revere, some of which were exaggerated assignments of blame^[65] made by enemies he had made in his command at Castle William. The initial hearings on the matter in September 1779 were inconclusive, but he was asked to resign his post.^[65] He repeatedly sought a total court-martial to clear his proper name, but it was not until Feb 1782 that a courtroom martial heard the issue, exonerating him.^{[66] [67]}

Concern and social connections

During the Revolutionary State of war, Revere connected his efforts to move upwards in society into the gentry. Afterwards his failed efforts to become a war machine officeholder he attempted to become a merchant, simply was hindered by a number of factors: while he was a fairly well-off fellow member of the artisan course, he did non have the resources to afford the goods he would have sold as a merchant, nor were lenders in England willing to lend him the required startup capital letter. Other American merchants of the time were able to continue their business with colleagues in England. However, Revere's inexperience as a merchant meant that he had not nonetheless established such relationships and was not able to communicate as effectively on unfamiliar matters. Another factor preventing Revere's success as a merchant was the economic climate of the time menses after the war known as the Confederation Period; while the colonies had seen a time of economic growth before the war, the colonies experienced a severe post-war depression, constraining the overall success of his business.^[68]

Revere Coat-of-Arms engraved by Paul Revere

While Revere struggled equally a merchant, his success equally a silversmith enabled him to pursue and leverage more avant-garde technological developments for the purposes of mass production. For case, rolling mills greatly improved the productivity of his silverish store and enabled his business to move further away from manufacturing loftier-end customized products in society to focus instead on the product of a more standardized set of goods.^[69] In the 18th century, the standard of living continuously improved in America, as genteel appurtenances became increasingly bachelor to the masses.^[70] Revere responded particularly well to this trend because his business was non solely manufacturing custom, high end purchases. Smaller products similar teaspoons and buckles accounted for the bulk of his work, allowing him to build a wide customer base.^[71]

Revere'due south increased efficiency left financial and human resources available for the exploration of other products, which was essential to overcoming the fluctuating post-war economic climate.^[72] In addition to increasing production, the flatting mill enabled Revere to move towards a more managerial position.^[73]

Later years: entrepreneurship, manufacturing, and politics

After the state of war, Revere became interested in metallic work across gilded and argent. By 1788 he had invested some of the profits from his growing silverworking trade to construct a big furnace, which would allow him to piece of work with larger quantities of metals at higher temperatures. He before long opened an iron foundry in Boston'due south Northward End that produced utilitarian cast iron items such equally stove backs, fireplace tools, and sash-window weights, marketed to a broad segment of Boston's population. ^[74] Many of Revere's business organization practices changed when he expanded his practice into ironworking, considering he transitioned from just being an artisan to also being an entrepreneur and a manager. In order to make this transition successfully, Revere had to invest substantial quantities of capital and time in his foundry.^[75]

Technological practices

The quasi-industrialization of his practice set Revere apart from his competition. "Revere's rapid foundry success resulted from fortuitous timing, innate technical aptitude, thorough research, and the casting feel he gained from silverworking."^[76] This technical proficiency allowed Revere to optimize his piece of work and adapt to a new technological and entrepreneurial model. Revere's location too benefited his endeavors. Revere was entering the field of iron casting in a time when New England cities were becoming centers of industry. The nature of technological advancement was such that many skilled entrepreneurs in a number of fields worked together, in what is known by Nathan Rosenberg as technological convergence, past which a number of companies work together on challenges in lodge to spur advances.^[77] Past accessing the knowledge of other nearby metallic workers, Revere was able to successfully explore and primary new technologies throughout his career.

Labor practices

Ane of the biggest changes for Revere in his new business was organization of labor. In his earlier days, Revere primarily utilized the apprenticeship model standard for artisan shops at this time, simply equally his business expanded he hired employees (wage laborers) to work for his foundry. Many manufacturers of the era plant this transition from primary to employer hard considering many employees at the onset of the Industrial Revolution identified themselves as skilled workers, and thus wanted to be treated with the respect and autonomy accorded to artisans. An artisan himself, Revere managed to avoid many of these labor conflicts by adopting a organization of employment that still held trappings of the craft organization in the form of worker freedoms such equally work hour flexibility, wages in line with skill levels, and liquor on the job.^[78]

Manufacturing: church bells, cannon, and copper products

After mastering the atomic number 26 casting process and realizing substantial profits from this new product line, Revere identified a burgeoning marketplace for church bells in the religious revival known as the Second Great Enkindling that followed the war. First in 1792 he became ane of America'south best-known bell casters, working with sons Paul Jr. and Joseph Warren Revere in the business firm Paul Revere & Sons. This business firm cast the get-go bell made in Boston and ultimately produced hundreds of bells, a number of which remain in operation.^[79]

In 1794, Revere decided to take the adjacent step in the development of his business, expanding his bronze casting work by learning to cast cannon for the federal government, country governments, and private clients. Although the authorities often had trouble paying him on time, its large orders inspired him to deepen his contracting and seek additional product lines of interest to the military.^[80]

By 1795, a growing percentage of his foundry's business came from a new product, copper bolts, spikes, and other fittings that he sold to merchants and the Boston naval yard for transport construction. In 1801, Revere became a pioneer in the production of rolled copper, opening North America'south first copper factory south of Boston in Canton. Copper from the Revere Copper Company was used to cover the original wooden dome of the Massachusetts State House in 1802. His copper and brass works eventually grew, through sale and corporate merger, into a large corporation, Revere Copper and Brass, Inc.^[81]

Steps towards standardized product

During his before days as an artisan, especially when working with silver products, Revere produced "bespoke" or customized goods. As he shifted to ironworking, he found the need to produce more standardized products, because this made production cheaper.^[82] To accomplish the beginnings of standardization, Revere used identical molds for casting, peculiarly in the fabrication of mass-produced items such every bit stoves, ovens, frames, and chimney backs.^[83] However, Revere did non totally embrace compatible production. For example, his bells and cannons were all unique products: these large objects required extensive fine-tuning and customization, and the pocket-size number of bells and cannon minimized the potential benefits of standardizing them.^[84] In addition, even the products that he fabricated in large quantities could not be truly standardized due to technological and skill limitations. His products were rarely (if ever) identical, but his processes were well systematized. "He came to realize that the foundry oven melded the characteristics of tools and machines: it required skilled labor and could exist used in a flexible way to produce different products, simply an expert could produce consistent output past following a standard set of production practices."^[76]

Freemasonry

Excerpt from membership register for Revere, Warren and Palfrey.

Revere was a Scottish Freemason. He was a member of Lodge St Andrews, No.81, (Boston, Massachusetts). The Gild continues to meet in Boston with the number 4 under and the jurisdiction of the Grand Order of Massachusetts. The appointment he joined the Lodge is not known simply was sometime later on the inauguration of the Lodge on St Andrew'south 24-hour interval, Nov 30, 1756 and May fifteen, 1769 when he is recorded in the Grand Lodge of Scotland membership register every bit the Lodge Secretarial assistant. Joseph Warren and William Palfrey are also recorded, on the same page, as members of the Lodge and being Principal and Senior Warden respectively. (run across prototype)^{[85] [86]}

He subsequently became the One thousand Master of the Freemasons of Massachusetts when a box containing an assemblage of commemorative items was deposited nether the cornerstone of the Massachusetts Country House on July 4, 1795 by Governor Samuel Adams, assisted by Grand Master Revere and Deputy One thousand Main, Colonel William Scollay.^[87]

Politics and final years

Revere remained politically agile throughout his life. His business plans in the late 1780s were oftentimes stymied by a shortage of adequate money in apportionment. Alexander Hamilton'southward national policies regarding banks and industrialization exactly matched his dreams, and he became an agog Federalist committed to building a robust economy and a powerful nation. Of detail involvement to Revere was the question of protective tariffs; he and his son sent a petition to Congress in 1808 asking for protection for his canvas copper concern.^[88] He continued to participate in local discussions of political bug even after his retirement in 1811, and in 1814 circulated a petition offering the government the services of Boston'due south artisans in protecting Boston during the War of 1812.^[89] Revere died on May 10, 1818, at the age of 83, at his domicile on Charter Street in Boston.^[xc] He is buried in the Granary Burial Basis on Tremont Street.^{[91] [92]}

Legacy

After Revere'south death, the family business was taken over by his oldest surviving son, Joseph Warren Revere.^[93] The copper works founded in 1801 continues today equally the Revere Copper Visitor, with manufacturing divisions in Rome, New York and New Bedford, Massachusetts.^[94]

Revere's original silverware, engravings, and other works are highly regarded today, and can be establish on display in museums including the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston^[95] and the Metropolitan Museum of Art.^[96] The Revere Bell, presented in 1843 to the Church of St. Andrew in Singapore by his daughter, Mrs. Maria Revere Balestier, wife of American consul Joseph Balestier, is now displayed in the National Museum of Singapore. This is the but bell cast by the Revere foundry that is exterior the United States. For a time, it was displayed behind velvet ropes in the foyer of the United states of america Embassy in Singapore.^[97]

The communities of Revere, Massachusetts^[98] and Revere, Minnesota^[99] bear his name, as do Revere Embankment^[98] in Revere, Massachusetts; Revere Avenue in The Bronx, New York Metropolis;^[100] Paul Revere Road in Arlington, Massachusetts;^[101] and Paul Revere Apartments^[102] in Seattle.

A 25-cent 1958 U.S. postage in the Liberty Serial honors Paul Revere, featuring the portrait by Gilbert Stuart. He also appears on the $v,000 Serial EE U.S. Savings Bond.^[103] Ryan Reynolds releases a Mint Moble commercial that features Avery Revere, a direct descent of Paul Revere.^[104]

In pop culture

In episode 8 of the second flavor of the US Boob tube show The West Wing (1999–2006), Paul Revere is named as the manufacturer of president Bartlet's knife-set he presents to Charlie, his personal aide.

Revere appears in the 2012 video game Assassin's Creed III and is portrayed by Bruce Dinsmore. It is fictitiously depicted as the game's protagonist Ratonhnaké:ton and Revere rode to alert the colonial militia.^[105]

Michael Raymond-James portrayed Revere on the History miniseries Sons of Liberty. ^[106]

Descendants

• Maria Revere Balestier, daughter
• Paul Revere Jr. (3rd great-grandson)^[107]
• Paul Revere Iii (4th great-grandson)^[107]
  • Pauline Revere Thayer, daughter of Paul Revere III
• Avery Revere (4th great-granddaughter)^[107]

See also

• Israel Bissell, who rode to Philadelphia with news of the battles of Lexington and Concord
• Sybil Ludington, who performed a similar ride in New York
• Jack Jouett, rode to warn Thomas Jefferson and the Virginia legislature of a British raid
• Revere Bells, 1 of Revere'south highest-profile products
• Revere Copper Visitor, the business founded past Paul Revere and afterwards managed by his son and grandsons
• Johnny Tremain, 1943 children'southward novel by Esther Forbes set in Boston prior to and during the outbreak of the Revolution

References

Notes

1. ^ Revere'south engagement of nascence is confused by the conversion between the Julian and Gregorian calendars, which offsets the date past 11 days, and by the fact that only his baptism, non his bodily birth was recorded. While his baptism was recorded on Dec 22, adjusting for the conversion betwixt Julian and Gregorian calendars changes the date to January 1.^{[1] [2]}
2. ^ Forcing private citizens to quarter soldiers in their homes would be one of the grievances enumerated in the United States Announcement of Independence—[The Rex] "has combined with others to discipline u.s.a. to a Jurisdiction foreign to our Constitution, and unacknowledged by our Laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation: For quartering large Bodies of Armed Troops amid us:..."—and the framers of the United States Constitution restricted the practice in the Tertiary Amendment of the Beak of Rights.

Citations

1. ^ Gill 1891, pp. 10–eleven. sfn fault: no target: CITEREFGill1891 (assist)
2. ^ ^{a b} Fischer 1994, p. 297.
3. ^ Triber 1998, p. seven.
4. ^ Triber 1998, pp. 7–nine.
5. ^ Fischer 1994, p. 9.
6. ^ Triber 1998, pp. 14–16.
7. ^ ^{a b} Miller 2010, p. 21.
8. ^ "Our Change Ringing Bells | The Quondam Northward Church". Retrieved January 31, 2020.
9. ^ "Bong Ringer'south Agreement" (PDF). The Onetime N Church building . Retrieved January 31, 2020.
10. ^ Miller 2010, pp. 25, 103.
11. ^ Triber 1998, p. 21.
12. ^ Triber 1998, pp. 21–22.
13. ^ Miller 2010, p. 33.
14. ^ Fischer 1994, pp. fifteen, 297.
15. ^ Triber 1998, pp. 38–43.
16. ^ Fischer 1994, p. 20.
17. ^ Miller 2010, p. 104.
18. ^ Martello 2010, p. 55.
19. ^ Triber 1998, p. 117.
20. ^ Triber 1998, p. 67.
21. ^ Triber 1998, p. 43.
22. ^ Triber 1998, pp. 46–47.
23. ^ Goss 1891, pp. one:112–115.
24. ^ Triber 1998, pp. 36, 42.
25. ^ ^{a b} Fischer 1994, p. 22.
26. ^ Fischer 1994, p. 24 and note 53.
27. ^ Triber 1998, pp. 71–72.
28. ^ Forbes 1999, pp. 485–487.
29. ^ Goss 1891, p. 1:119.
30. ^ Alexander 2002, p. 120.
31. ^ Miller 2010, p. 163.
32. ^ Miller 2010, p. 165.
33. ^ Fischer 1994, pp. 27, 54, Appendix C.
34. ^ Triber 1998, p. 101.
35. ^ Miller 2010, p. 181.
36. ^ Goss 1891, pp. 1:83–100.
37. ^ New Hampshire's office in the Revolutionary War, WMUR-Telly
38. ^ Fischer 1994, pp. 52–57.
39. ^ Triber 1998, p. 115.
40. ^ Miller 2010, pp. 201–208.
41. ^ "Early Paper Money of America, Massachusetts, 1776 October 18". Newman Numismatic Portal at Washington University in St. Louis. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
42. ^ Jordan, Louis, Massachusetts Currency, October xviii, 1776-Codfish, Colonial Currency, University of Notre Dame, Section of Special Collections, retrieved June 8, 2021
43. ^ ^{a b} Martello 2010, p. 62.
44. ^ Gettemy 1905, p. 169.
45. ^ Triber 1998, p. 148.
46. ^ Miller 2010, p. 214.
47. ^ Miller 2010, p. 208.
48. ^ Ketchum 1999, p. 195.
49. ^ Miller 2010, p. 215.
50. ^ ^{a b c} Martello 2010, p. lxxx.
51. ^ Miller 2010, p. 217.
52. ^ Gettemy 1905, pp. 148–151.
53. ^ Drake 1899, p. 128.
54. ^ Gettemy 1905, pp. 152–153.
55. ^ Forbes 1999, p. 343.
56. ^ Triber 1998, p. 132.
57. ^ Triber 1998, p. 133.
58. ^ Miller 2010, p. 220.
59. ^ Triber 1998, pp. 134–135.
60. ^ Triber 1998, pp. 135–136.
61. ^ Miller 2010, pp. 224–225.
62. ^ Miller 2010, p. 229.
63. ^ Triber 1998, p. 136.
64. ^ Miller 2010, pp. 234–236.
65. ^ ^{a b} Triber 1998, pp. 136–138.
66. ^ Miller 2010, pp. 238–239.
67. ^ Triber 1998, p. 139.
68. ^ Martello 2010, p. 94.
69. ^ Martello 2010, pp. 107–110.
70. ^ Federhen 2010, p. 153. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFederhen2010 (help)
71. ^ Federhen 2010, p. 154. sfn mistake: no target: CITEREFFederhen2010 (help)
72. ^ Falino 2001, p. 77.
73. ^ Martello 2010, pp. 111–114.
74. ^ Martello 2010, pp. 151–155.
75. ^ Martello 2010, p. 137.
76. ^ ^{a b} Martello 2010, p. 154.
77. ^ Martello 2010, p. 252.
78. ^ Martello 2010, pp. 276, 146.
79. ^ Martello 2010, pp. 168–171.
80. ^ Martello 2010, pp. 179–184.
81. ^ Martello 2010, pp. 331–332.
82. ^ Martello 2010, p. 155.
83. ^ Martello 2010, p. 141.
84. ^ Martello 2010, p. 301.
85. ^ Registration Book No.1 (1736–1797), Grand Lodge of Scotland. Pp. 127 and 188.
86. ^ Cracking the Freemasons Code. Robert Fifty D Cooper. 2006. ISBN 9781846040498.
87. ^ So, What Was In That Boston Time Capsule?, Rebecca Onion, Slate.com, January 6, 2015, accessed Jan eight, 2015
88. ^ Stanwood, Edward. American Tariff Controversies in the Nineteenth Century. pg. 117
89. ^ Miller 2010, p. 257.
90. ^ Miller 2010, p. 258.
91. ^ "Five Historic Cemeteries to Visit in Boston". Oct 21, 2016.
92. ^ PRMA 1988, p. 33.
93. ^ Miller 2010, pp. 255, 260.
94. ^ "About the Revere Copper Company". Revere Copper Company. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
95. ^ "Boston Museum of Fine Arts Search for Paul Revere". Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Archived from the original on August iv, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2009.
96. ^ "Metropolitan Museum of Art Search for Paul Revere". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
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98. ^ ^{a b} Schmidt 2002, p. seven.
99. ^ Upham 1920, p. 451.
100. ^ McNamara 1978.
101. ^ "Patriot's Day Events". National Lancers Foundation. Retrieved June viii, 2011.
102. ^ "Paul Revere Apartments". Retrieved April 20, 2016.
103. ^ "U.S. Savings Bond Images". United States Treasury. Retrieved April 24, 2009.
104. ^ Reynolds, Ryan. "Mint Mobile Commercial". Twitter.com. Mint Mobile. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
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107. ^ ^{a b c} MacQuarrie, Brian. "Through his descendants, the legacy of Paul Revere gallops on". msn.com. Brain MacQuarrie. Retrieved September 12, 2020.

Bibliography

• Alexander, John (2002). Samuel Adams: America'south Revolutionary Politician. Lanham, Md: Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN9780742521148.
• Boatner, Mark Mayo, III (1975) [1964]. Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. Library of Military History. New York: David McKay. ISBN978-0-618-00194-1.
• Brooks, Victor (1999). The Boston Campaign: Apr 1775 – March 1776. Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: Combined Publishing. ISBN978-0-585-23453-3.
• Drake, Samuel Adams (1899). Historic Mansions and Highways Around Boston. Boston: Trivial, Brown. p. 128. OCLC 1838072.
• Falino, Jeannine (2001). "The Pride Which Pervades thro every Class": The Customers of Paul Revere. Boston, Massachusetts: University Press of Virginia.
• Federhen, Deborah (1988). From Artisan to Entrepreneur: Paul Revere's Argent Shop Operation. Boston, Massachusetts: Paul Revere Memorial Association.
• Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's ride . New York: Oxford Academy Press. ISBN0-19-508847-half dozen. This piece of work is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of principal resources concerning all aspects of the Revere's ride and the battles at Lexington and Concord.
• Forbes, Esther (1999) [1942]. Paul Revere and the Earth He Lived in . Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN978-0-618-00194-1.
• Gettemy, Charles (1905). The Truthful Story of Paul Revere. Boston: Footling, Brown. OCLC 1375230.
• Goss, Elbridge Henry (1891). The Life of Colonel Paul Revere. Boston: J. K. Cupples. OCLC 3589045. (Volume two)
• Ketchum, Robert (1999) [1974]. Decisive Day: The Battle For Bunker Colina. New York: Henry Holt and Co. ISBN9780805060997.
• Martello, Robert (2010). Midnight Ride, Industrial Dawn: Paul Revere and the Growth of American Enterprise. Johns Hopkins Studies in the History of Technology. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
• McDonald, Forrest; McDonald, Ellen (April 1980). "The Ethnic Origins of the American People, 1790". The William and Mary Quarterly. Third. 37 (two): 179–199. doi:10.2307/1919495. JSTOR 1919495.
• McNamara, John (1978). History in Asphalt: The Origin of Bronx Street and Place Names, Civic of the Bronx, New York City. Fleischmanns, New York: Harbor Colina Books.
• Miller, Joel J. (2010). The Revolutionary Paul Revere. Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson. ISBN978-ane-59555-074-3.
• Murrin, John M.; et al. (2002) [1996]. Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, Book I: To 1877. Florence, Kentucky: Wadsworth–Thomson Learning.
• Paul Revere, Artisan, Businessman and Patriot: The Man Behind the Myth. Boston: Paul Revere Memorial Association (PRMA). 1988.
• Revere, Paul (1961). Paul Revere's 3 Accounts of His Famous Ride. Introduction by Edmund Morgan. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Lodge. ISBN978-0-9619999-0-ii.
• Ruland, Richard; Bradbury, Malcolm (1991). From Puritanism to Postmodernism: A History of American Literature. New York: Viking.
• Schmidt, Leah A (2002). Revere Beach. Mount Pleasant, SC: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN978-0-7385-1030-9.
• Steblecki, Edith J. (1985). Paul Revere and Freemasonry. Boston: Paul Revere Memorial Association (PRMA). OCLC 17485269.
• Triber, Jayne (1998). A True Republican: The Life of Paul Revere. Amherst, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN978-1-55849-139-7.
• United States, National Archives and Records Service. Papers of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. National Archives and Records Administration, General Services Administration.
• Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. St. Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. OCLC 34232868.
• Waters, Deborah Dependahl (2013). A Handsome Closet of Plate: Early American Silver in the Cahn Collection. Cambridge, England: John Adamson. ISBN978-i-898565-eleven-6.

External links

• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Revere, Paul". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• Paul Revere Heritage Project
• The Paul Revere House
  • An interactive map showing the routes taken by Revere, Dawes, and Prescott
• Original copper engravings and other documents in collections of the Massachusetts State Archives
• Revere Rolling Mill – about the endangered original Revere copper works site in Canton, MA
• Booknotes interview with David Hackett Fischer on Paul Revere's Ride, July 17, 1994.
• Works by or near Paul Revere at Internet Archive
• Works by Paul Revere at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere#:~:text=From%20December%201773%20to%20November,the%20political%20unrest%20in%20Boston.

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